As residential solar becomes cheaper and more widespread, many homeowners are considering DIY installation to reduce costs further. In most parts of the U.S., this is perfectly legal, and depending on your level of skill, it may be a good option. However, DIY solar installations are subject to the same building codes, electrical standards, and utility rules as professionally installed systems, so it is important to understand what is involved before you start.
In most parts of the U.S., homeowners are allowed to install solar panels on their own primary residence. A contractor license is generally only required when working on someone else’s property.
That said, you must still comply with all applicable building and electrical codes. This typically involves the local building department, an electrical inspector, and your utility company if the system connects to the grid. Utilities may require additional paperwork for homeowner-installed systems, but outright bans on DIY solar are uncommon.
DIY solar installations generally fall into two categories: off-grid systems and grid-tied systems. Because these systems differ significantly in complexity and regulation, they should be considered separately.
Off-grid systems operate independently from the utility grid. Electricity generated by the panels is stored in batteries and supplied to the property through an inverter.
Because there is no grid connection, off-grid systems are usually simpler. They typically require fewer permits and no utility approval, which makes them well suited to DIY projects such as cabins, workshops, or remote buildings.
However, off-grid systems are not usually designed to power a typical grid-connected home. If your property already has utility electricity, a grid-tied system is usually the more practical choice.
Grid-tied systems connect directly to a home’s electrical service. They are often larger than off-grid systems and generally offer better financial returns, partly because excess electricity can be exported to the grid.
They are also more closely regulated. DIY grid-tied installations must comply with National Electrical Code (NEC) requirements and receive formal approval from the utility company before they can be switched on.
A typical grid-tied solar installation requires both building and electrical permits. Building permits address roof loading, attachment methods, and wind resistance, while electrical permits cover wiring, grounding, overcurrent protection, and system integration.
Utilities also require an interconnection application, which usually includes a single-line electrical diagram, equipment specifications, and confirmation that all components are properly listed and certified. After installation, the system must pass inspection and receive Permission to Operate (PTO).
This process can be demanding and is often more than casual DIYers expect. However, homeowners who are comfortable working to code and dealing with inspections may find it manageable. Off-grid systems are generally much less complicated.
Installing solar panels involves both structural and electrical work. Roof penetrations must be properly flashed, mounting systems must be installed according to manufacturer specifications, and local wind-load requirements must be met.
Electrical work includes DC wiring, inverter installation, grounding and bonding, rapid shutdown compliance, and connection to the main electrical panel. These areas account for most inspection failures.
Homeowners considering DIY solar should be confident working to code or plan to involve a licensed electrician for parts of the installation.
DIY systems most often fail inspection due to incorrect grounding, missing rapid shutdown components, undersized conductors, incomplete labeling, or failure to follow manufacturer instructions.
Using listed equipment and following installation manuals closely is essential. Inspectors rely heavily on manufacturer documentation when assessing compliance.
One of the main reasons homeowners consider DIY solar is cost. Professionally installed residential systems commonly cost between $2.30 and $3.00 per watt, depending on location and system design.
DIY installations are significantly cheaper, often between $1.20 and $1.60 per watt, largely because labor costs are eliminated. For a typical 10 kW system, this difference can amount to savings of several thousand dollars.
These savings come with trade-offs. DIY installations do not include workmanship warranties, and the homeowner assumes responsibility for system design and installation quality. For those with the necessary skills, however, there can be reassurance in knowing exactly how the system is built.
Before installing solar panels, homeowners should notify their insurance provider. Insurers may request documentation or inspection records, and requirements vary by provider.
Manufacturer equipment warranties generally apply to DIY installations, although some manufacturers provide additional support through certified installers.
When selling a home, a DIY solar system may raise additional questions from buyers or appraisers. Clear documentation and evidence of passed inspections can help avoid complications.
DIY solar can be a great option for homeowners with relevant technical experience and the willingness to manage permits and inspections. It is particularly well suited to off-grid installations, where regulatory requirements are lighter.
If a full DIY installation feels like too much, a hybrid approach is often a good compromise. Many homeowners install the racking and panels themselves and hire a licensed electrician for the final electrical connection.
If you are considering the DIY route, it is also worth speaking with your equipment supplier. Reputable suppliers can provide guidance on system design, permitting expectations, and correct installation of their products.
Get detailed, no obligation advice about DIY solar systems from trusted suppliers by following the links below.
A1 SolarStore is a leading supplier of solar and home energy equipment to professionals and DIYers. Check out their extensive range of equipment, including reduced-price clearance items.
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Shop Solar has an extensive range of complete solar power solutions, and a free online tool to help you decide exactly what you need. They also offer free, no-obligation online and phone support.
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